PFOA对斑马鱼胚胎发育、行为和DNA损伤的毒性研究

全氟辛酸(PFOA)是一种分布广泛的环境持久性有机污染物,在野生动物与人体内普遍被检出。目前PFOA发育毒性的特点和机制尚未阐明,已有的研究显示,PFOA毒性与受试物种及性别密切相关。因此,利用不同物种进行PFOA毒性研究对阐明其毒性机制十分重要。本研究选用了斑马鱼这种理想的脊椎动物模型,考察了PFOA暴露对其胚胎发育的自主运动、心跳、行为、细胞凋亡和DNA损伤的影响。研究发现,始于6hpf的PFOA暴露会导致斑马鱼胚胎自主运动异常,心率降低,且具有一定的剂量依赖性;6～24hpf的高浓度的PFOA暴露(>414.0mg·L-1)会导致胚胎发生显著的细胞凋亡,凋亡主要出现在眼部、头部、心脏和尾部。较高浓度的PFOA暴露(165.6mg·L-1)会使仔鱼的光刺激应激行为模式发生变化。此外,PFOA暴露会致使斑马鱼发生DNA损伤,且损伤程度随PFOA浓度的升高而加重,表明PFOA具有一定的基因毒性。上述结果表明,PFOA对斑马鱼胚胎具有发育毒性,具体表现为自主运动异常,心率降低和行为反应能力变弱,同时伴随畸形、细胞凋亡和DNA损伤。     

阿曼原油和溢油分散剂对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)胚胎形态发育的毒性效应

为研究经溢油分散剂(GM-2)处理阿曼原油对硬骨鱼类形态学发育毒性,将斑马鱼胚胎作为受试生物,采用半静态暴露方法,观察0~120 hpf(hour post-fertilization)斑马鱼胚胎的致死率、孵化率和畸形率,并应用斑马鱼胚胎发育毒性试验形态学得分系统(General Morphology Score(GMS)System)评估阿曼原油暴露诱导的斑马鱼胚胎形态发育毒性。结果显示,相较于水溶组分(water-accommodated fractions,WAF),加入GM-2后的化学增强型水溶组分(chemically enhanced water-accommodated fractions,CEWAF)水样中总石油烃(total petroleum hydrocarbons,TPH)浓度显著增加,由(5.233±0.213)mg·L-1增至(292.989±11.905)mg·L-1;120 hpf时,WAF和CEWAF组的致死率均有不同程度的升高,100%WAF的致死率为30.2%±2.8%,而≥40%CEWAF的致死率均已超过半数致死率,其半数致死浓度LC50为153.318 mg·L-1;通过对GMS分析,WAF和CEWAF暴露均会在不同程度上导致斑马鱼胚胎发育显著延迟,主要表现在鱼鳔未形成、心率异常、血液循环停滞和行动(胸鳍摆动、尾部摆动等)迟缓,且均能显著延迟胚胎孵化甚至造成胚胎不孵化;由畸形率可知,阿曼原油具有较强的致畸性,以心包水肿、背部弯曲和尾部弯曲最显著。由结果可知,经GM-2处理后的阿曼原油(CEWAF)比未处理的阿曼原油(WAF)对斑马鱼胚胎产生更严重的毒性效应。     

水体中3种磺胺类药物对斑马鱼的生态毒性效应

采用斑马鱼作为模式动物,针对斑马鱼的代谢能力,进行3种磺胺类药物(磺胺甲恶唑,磺胺嘧啶,磺胺二甲嘧啶)的暴露实验。实验选取谷胱甘肽s-转移酶(GST)和丙二醛(MDA)含量作为评判斑马鱼代谢能力的指标。在实验过程中,随着暴露时间的改变,GST活性和MDA含量都呈现出不同的变化。在实验前3 d,GST酶活性在不同浓度下都呈现出显著增长。但是MDA的含量在第1天达到顶峰,随后都呈现出下降趋势。由结果可得,MDA含量指标对磺胺类药物的毒性更加敏感,其指示作用更优于GST活性指标。同时,实验结果中可以看出,在磺胺嘧啶作用下的GST酶活性和MDA含量都呈现更加明显的变化,因此实验推断磺胺嘧啶会对水环境具有更潜在的危害。     

评估斑马鱼胚胎毒性试验在农药危害筛选中的应用

考虑到人类社会中大量使用化学物质，想要准确有效地评估这些化学物质对人类和生态受体的潜在风险，研发有效的手段和方法是至关重要的。鱼胚胎急性毒性试验是其中一种工具，已表现出与幼鱼急性毒性标准试验的预测结果高度吻合，而幼鱼试验对资源消耗更多。然而，也有证据表明，对于某些类型的化学物质，包括神经毒素，鱼类胚胎的敏感性低于幼鱼。本文利用已发表的斑马鱼胚胎毒性数据，与3种常用检测用鱼幼鱼(虹鳟鱼、蓝鳃太阳鱼、羊鲷)的半致死浓度50%(LC₅₀)数据进行比较，研究了鱼类胚胎对农药危害评估的效用。在将农药视为单因素的情况下，斑马鱼胚胎和幼鱼毒性数据相关性较差，差异显著(r²=0.28；p2=0.64；p 精选自Glaberman, S., Padilla, S. and Barron, M. G. (2017), Evaluating the zebrafish embryo toxicity test for pesticide hazard screening. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 36: 1221–1226. doi: 10.1002/etc.3641
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3641/full
     

Benzo[a]pyrene exposure influences the cardiac development and the expression of cardiovascular relative genes in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos

It is reported that the most abundant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in weathered crude oils are cardiotoxic. However, the action mechanism of PAHs on vertebrate cardiovascular development and disease is unclear. In the present study, the cardiac morphology and functioning of zebrafish embryos exposed to benzo[a]pyrene [B(a)P], as a high-ring PAHs, for 72 h were observed and determined. The results showed that B(a)P exposure resulted in cardiac developmental defects in zebrafish embryos. Significant changes in expression level of multiple genes potentially critical for regulating the B(a)P-induced cardiovascular developmental defects were also found. A gene network regulating cardiac development perturbed by B(a)P exposure was identified and established by computational analysis and employment of some databases. The information from the network could provide a clue for further mechanistic studies explaining molecular events regulating B(a)P-mediated cardiovascular defects and consequences.     

Phenanthrene exposure produces cardiac defects during embryo development of zebrafish (Danio rerio) through activation of MMP-9

Phenanthrene (Phe) is one of the most abundant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment as a result of human activities. It is widely accepted that Phe has cardiotoxic effects. Even so, knowledge concerning the mechanism(s) of cardiac development toxicity is still limited. In this study, we exposed zebrafish embryos to environmentally relevant concentrations of Phe and then investigated its cardiotoxic effects and the mechanism(s) involved. Some cardiac morphogenetic defects, which was characterized by an abnormally looped and enlarged heart, dilated and thinner ventricular wall, and increased interstitial fibrosis, were observed in the Phe treated groups. The mRNA and protein expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), as well as the MMP-9 activity, were induced. Moreover, during co-treatment of the zebrafish embryos with MMP-9 inhibitor, the cardiac defects caused by Phe were attenuated. In addition, Phe exposure led to an up-regulation of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), which plays a crucial role in mediating cardiac fibrosis. Taken together, our data indicated that the exposure to Phe of zebrafish embryos disrupted normal cardiac development, and that the cardiac defects induced by Phe were mediated by the MMP-9, while TGF-β was also involved in these cardiac defects.     

Bendiocarb effect on liver and central nervous system in the chick embryo

The aim of the study was to investigate toxicity of bendiocarb (2, 3-isopropyledene-dioxyphenyl methylcarbamate) to organs of chicken embryo. The toxic action of bendiocarb was observed on liver and central nervous system (CNS). Bendiocarb was administered to chicken embryos at embryonic day (ED) 3 in a dose 500 μ g/egg and 10 ED (800 μ g/egg). The observations showed no macroscopic or microscopic changes in the liver and CNS with either dose or day of incubation when the bendiocarb was administered. The liver and CNS were also investigated for caspase activity in relation to application of bendiocarb and no differences in the number of cells with caspase immunopositivity were observed in comparison with the control. The results obtained indicate that bendiocarb administered in the respective doses showed no toxicity to investigated organs. Furthermore, both at the early (3 ED) and the later (10 ED) stages of development no increase in numbers of apoptotic cells in chicken embryos was observed.     

高氯酸钠对斑马鱼胚胎的毒性效应

采用斑马鱼胚胎发育技术方法研究高氯酸钠对斑马鱼胚胎的急性毒性效应,配制一系列高氯酸钠的浓度,对受精1h的胚胎进行染毒暴露,最后对斑马鱼胚胎的心率,孵化率,死亡率,畸形率进行统计分析。研究结果显示,高氯酸钠(NaClO4)浓度的增加,斑马鱼胚胎的心率和孵化率降低、死亡率和畸形率增加。斑马鱼48hpf的胚胎心率高浓度组比对照组下降了35%;72 h的孵化率由对照组的88%降低到高浓度组的36%;144 h的死亡率由对照组的5%增加到72%;144 h的畸形率由对照组的2%增加到91%,主要畸形表现为心包囊肿(PE),脊柱弯曲(AM),鱼鳔缺失(SBD)等。结果表明,高浓度的高氯酸钠(NaClO4)对斑马鱼胚胎发育有明显的剂量效应作用。     

石油烃对虾夷马粪海胆胚胎发育及四种酶活力的影响

通过虾夷马粪海胆胚胎暴露实验,研究了常见石油烃零号柴油对海胆胚胎发育时间以及发育时期内海胆胚胎的SOD、CAT、GPx及谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)四种酶活性的影响。结果表明,不同浓度的零号柴油水溶组分对海胆胚胎发育的各个时期具有不同程度的延迟效应,低浓度对海胆胚胎中的四种酶表现出不同程度的诱导效应;四种酶活性的变化程度比较,对GPx和GST酶活力的影响要明显大于对CAT和SOD的影响;随着浓度的不断增大,四种酶活性受到不同程度的抑制作用,高浓度对酶活性的抑制作用尤为显著;囊胚期对影响最为敏感,可作为生物标志物。